如何使用 Docker Compose 在单台服务器上高效部署多个 Docker 容器项目

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2024年4月14日
Docker 技术教程
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前言

在今天高效率的IT领域，Docker 和 Docker Compose 已成为开发者和系统管理员不可或缺的工具。它们不仅加速了部署过程，还通过容器化技术简化了复杂应用的管理。本文将深入探讨如何利用 Docker Compose 在单台服务器上快速且高效地部署和管理多个项目，这对于希望优化资源使用和简化操作流程的业务来说，具有不小的吸引力。这里我也会把自己在实践中遇到的几个容易出错的地方和大家分享，自己也加深影响，避免再次犯错！

利用 Docker Compose 快速部署项目的优势

Docker Compose 允许用户通过单一命令行工具管理多个 Docker 容器的生命周期，具体优势包括：

  1. 配置简便：Docker Compose 允许您在 YAML 文件中定义多服务配置，从而简化了 Docker 容器的配置和部署过程。
  2. 一键控制：可以通过一个命令同时管理多个容器的启动、停止和重建，极大地提高了操作的便捷性。
  3. 服务依赖清晰：Docker Compose 自动处理容器之间的依赖关系，确保服务按正确顺序启动。
  4. 环境一致性：通过 Docker Compose，每个项目都在独立的环境中运行，确保了环境之间的隔离，减少了冲突。

在实际部署前，请准备好一台vps，我这里使用的是 甲骨云 arm结构的虚拟主机。

这里我将同时部署 5个 wordpress 项目，搭配PHP环境，redis 缓存加速，mysql 数据库还有 npm反向代理，来实现多个docker 容器项目的同时部署。

拿WordPress 服务示例（wp1）:

    wp1:
image: 'arm64v8/wordpress'     //注意这里要选择适合自己架构的镜像版本，我这边是arm64
container_name: wp1            //定义容器的名字
volumes:
  - ./html1:/var/www/html     //这里使用html1，作为容器储存数据的数据卷
ports:
  - '8081:80'
environment:
  WORDPRESS_DB_HOST: ${WP1_DB_HOST}           //主机名，最好和数据库名不要重复，容易报错
  WORDPRESS_DB_USER: ${WP1_DB_USER}
  WORDPRESS_DB_PASSWORD: ${WP1_DB_PASSWORD}
  WORDPRESS_DB_NAME: ${MYSQL1_DATABASE}         //这里是我踩过的坑，遗漏了DB_NAME,导致wp-config 读取不到数据库，访问的时候出现无法连接数据库的提示
depends_on:                                     //定义容器启动顺序
  - db1
  - redis
networks:
  - web1                                      //定义容器的网络

    如果是多个WordPress 服务，就按照上面的模版复制，写入conpose文件

    数据库 配置

      db1:
    image: 'mysql/mysql-server:8.0.13'
    container_name: mysql1
    restart: unless-stopped
    volumes:
      - ./mysql1:/var/lib/mysql
    environment:
      MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD: ${MYSQL1_ROOT_PASSWORD}
      MYSQL_DATABASE: {MYSQL1_DATABASE}
      MYSQL_USER: ${MYSQL1_USER} 
      MYSQL_PASSWORD: ${MYSQL1_PASSWORD}
    ports:
      - '3307:3306'
    networks:
      - web1

    这边必须是一个wordpress 服务对应一个 数据库，我之前试过多个服务对应一个数据库，行不通

    最好贴上完整的compose 代码

    version: '3.9'

services:
  php:
    build:
      context: .
      dockerfile: Dockerfile
    container_name: php
    restart: always
    volumes:
      - ./html:/var/www/html
      - ./php.ini:/usr/local/etc/php/conf.d/php.ini
    ports:
      - '9000:9000'
    networks:
      - web1
  wp1:
    image: 'arm64v8/wordpress'
    container_name: wp1
    volumes:
      - ./html1:/var/www/html
    ports:
      - '8081:80'
    environment:
      WORDPRESS_DB_HOST: ${WP1_DB_HOST}
      WORDPRESS_DB_USER: ${WP1_DB_USER}
      WORDPRESS_DB_PASSWORD: ${WP1_DB_PASSWORD}
      WORDPRESS_DB_NAME: ${MYSQL1_DATABASE}
    depends_on:
      - db1
      - redis
    networks:
      - web1
  db1:
    image: 'mysql/mysql-server:8.0.13'
    container_name: mysql1
    restart: unless-stopped
    volumes:
      - ./mysql1:/var/lib/mysql
    environment:
      MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD: ${MYSQL1_ROOT_PASSWORD}
      MYSQL_DATABASE: {MYSQL1_DATABASE}
      MYSQL_USER: ${MYSQL1_USER} 
      MYSQL_PASSWORD: ${MYSQL1_PASSWORD}
    ports:
      - '3307:3306'
    networks:
      - web1
  wp2:
    image: 'arm64v8/wordpress'
    container_name: wp2
    volumes:
      - ./html2:/var/www/html
    ports:
      - '8082:80'
    environment:
      WORDPRESS_DB_HOST: ${WP2_DB_HOST}
      WORDPRESS_DB_USER: ${WP2_DB_USER}
      WORDPRESS_DB_PASSWORD: ${WP2_DB_PASSWORD}
      WORDPRESS_DB_NAME: ${MYSQL2_DATABASE}
    depends_on:
      - db2
      - redis
    networks:
      - web1
  db2:
    image: 'mysql/mysql-server:8.0.13'
    container_name: mysql2
    restart: unless-stopped
    volumes:
      - ./mysql2:/var/lib/mysql
    environment:
      MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD: ${MYSQL2_ROOT_PASSWORD}
      MYSQL_DATABASE: ${MYSQL2_DATABASE}
      MYSQL_USER: ${MYSQL2_USER}
      MYSQL_PASSWORD: ${MYSQL2_PASSWORD}
    ports:
      - '3308:3306'
    networks:
      - web1
  wp3:
    image: 'arm64v8/wordpress'
    container_name: wp3
    volumes:
      - ./html3:/var/www/html
    ports:
      - '8083:80'
    environment:
      WORDPRESS_DB_HOST: ${WP3_DB_HOST}
      WORDPRESS_DB_USER: ${WP3_DB_USER}
      WORDPRESS_DB_PASSWORD: ${WP3_DB_PASSWORD}
      WORDPRESS_DB_NAME: ${MYSQL3_DATABASE}
    depends_on:
      - db3
      - redis
    networks:
      - web1
  db3:
    image: 'mysql/mysql-server:8.0.13'
    container_name: mysql3
    restart: unless-stopped
    volumes:
      - ./mysql3:/var/lib/mysql
    environment:
      MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD: ${MYSQL3_ROOT_PASSWORD}
      MYSQL_DATABASE: ${MYSQL3_DATABASE}
      MYSQL_USER: ${MYSQL3_USER}
      MYSQL_PASSWORD: ${MYSQL3_PASSWORD}
    ports:
      - '3309:3306'
    networks:
      - web1
  wp4:
    image: 'arm64v8/wordpress'
    container_name: wp4
    volumes:
      - ./html4:/var/www/html
    ports:
      - '8084:80'
    environment:
      WORDPRESS_DB_HOST: ${WP4_DB_HOST}
      WORDPRESS_DB_USER: ${WP4_DB_USER}
      WORDPRESS_DB_PASSWORD: ${WP4_DB_PASSWORD}
      WORDPRESS_DB_NAME: ${MYSQL4_DATABASE}
    depends_on:
      - db4
      - redis
    networks:
      - web1
  db4:
    image: 'mysql/mysql-server:8.0.13'
    container_name: mysql4
    restart: unless-stopped
    volumes:
      - ./mysql4:/var/lib/mysql
    environment:
      MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD: ${MYSQL4_ROOT_PASSWORD}
      MYSQL_DATABASE: ${MYSQL4_DATABASE}
      MYSQL_USER: ${MYSQL4_USER}
      MYSQL_PASSWORD: ${MYSQL4_PASSWORD}
    ports:
      - '3310:3306'
    networks:
      - web1
  wp5:
    image: 'arm64v8/wordpress'
    container_name: wp5
    volumes:
      - ./html5:/var/www/html
    ports:
      - '8085:80'
    environment:
      WORDPRESS_DB_HOST: ${WP5_DB_HOST}
      WORDPRESS_DB_USER: ${WP5_DB_USER}
      WORDPRESS_DB_PASSWORD: ${WP5_DB_PASSWORD}
      WORDPRESS_DB_NAME: ${MYSQL5_DATABASE}
    depends_on:
      - db5
      - redis
    networks:
      - web1
  db5:
    image: 'mysql/mysql-server:8.0.13'
    container_name: mysql5
    restart: unless-stopped
    volumes:
      - ./mysql5:/var/lib/mysql
    environment:
      MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD: ${MYSQL5_ROOT_PASSWORD}
      MYSQL_DATABASE: ${MYSQL5_DATABASE}
      MYSQL_USER: ${MYSQL5_USER}
      MYSQL_PASSWORD: ${MYSQL5_PASSWORD}
    ports:
      - '3311:3306'
    networks:
      - web1
  redis:
    image: 'redis:alpine'
    container_name: redis
    restart: unless-stopped
    volumes:
      - ./redis-data:/data
    ports:
      - '6379:6379'
    networks:
      - web1
  nginx-proxy-manager:
    image: 'jc21/nginx-proxy-manager:latest'
    container_name: npm
    restart: always
    ports:
      - '80:80'
      - '81:81'
      - '443:443' 
    volumes:
      - ./npm-data:/data
      - ./letsencrypt:/etc/letsencrypt
    networks:
      - web1
networks:
  web1:
    driver: bridge

    环境变量 .env的部分代码，有几个服务项就编写几个环境变量，也可以统一，这里的变量值要和compose配置文件对应。容易出错的地方

    # For WordPress 1
WP1_DB_HOST=hostname
WP1_DB_USER=username
WP1_DB_PASSWORD=youpassword

# For MySQL 1
MYSQL1_ROOT_PASSWORD=youpassword
MYSQL1_DATABASE=databasename
MYSQL1_USER=username
MYSQL1_PASSWORD=youpassword

    使用 Docker Compose 来部署和管理服务器上的多个项目可以显著提高开发和部署的效率，同时也使得服务管理变得更加集中和简化。

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